CHAPTER 12 - MANNING AND TRAINING: Full Polar Code text

• .1 this person(s) shall be qualified and certified in accordance with regulation II/2 of the STCW Convention and section A-II/2 of the STCW Code, and meets the advance training requirements noted in the above table;
• .2 while operating in polar waters the ship has sufficient number of persons meeting the appropriate training requirements for polar waters to cover all watches;
• .3 this person(s) is subject to the Administration's minimum hours of rest requirements at all times;
• .4 when operating in waters other than open waters or bergy waters, the master, chief mate and officers in charge of a navigational watch on passenger ships and tankers shall meet the applicable basic training requirements noted in the above table; and
• .5 when operating in waters with ice concentration of more than 2/10, the master, chief mate and officers in charge of a navigational watch on cargo ships other than tankers shall meet the applicable basic training requirements noted in the above table.

Additional Guidance to Section 2 (Definitions) of the Introduction)

Definitions used in the figure above

MDHT – Mean Daily High Temperature

MDAT – Mean Daily Average Temperature

MDLT – Mean Daily Low Temperature

Guidance instructions for determining MDLT:

1. Determine the daily low temperature for each day for a 10 year period.
2. Determine the average of the values over the 10 year period for each day.
3. Plot the daily averages over the year.
4. Take the lowest of the averages for the season of operation.
   

Additional Guidance to Chapter 1 (General)

• 1 - Limitations for operating in ice
  • 1.1 Limitations for operation in ice can be determined using systems, tools or analysis that evaluate the risks posed by the anticipated ice conditions to the ship, taking into account factors such as its ice class, seasonal changing of ice strength, icebreaker support, ice type, thickness and concentration. The ship's structural capacity to resist ice load and the ship's planned operations should be considered. The limitations should be incorporated into an ice operational decision support system.
  • 1.2 Limitations for operating in ice should be determined using an appropriate methodology, such methodologies exist, have been in use for a number of years and have been validated with service experience. Existing methodologies and other systems may be acceptable to the Administration.
  • 1.3 Operation in ice should take into account any operational limitations of the ship; extended information on the ice operational methodology contained in the PWOM; the condition of the ship and ship's systems, historical weather/ice data and weather/ice forecasts for the intended area of operation, current conditions including visual ice observations, sea state, visibility and the judgment of qualified personnel.
• 2 - Operational assessment
  • 2.1 - This guidance is intended to support shipowners carrying out, and Administrations reviewing, the assessment required in part I-A, section 1.5, for operational limitations and procedures for the Polar Ship Certificate.
  • 2.2 Steps for an operational assessment:
    1. identify relevant hazards from section 3 of the Introduction and other hazards based on a review of the intended operations;
    2. develop a model to analyse risks considering:
       1. development of accident scenarios;
       2. probability of events in each accident scenario; and
       3. consequence of end states in each scenario
    3. assess risks and determine acceptability:
       1. estimate risk levels in accordance with the selected modelling approach; and
       2. assess whether risk levels are acceptable; and
    4. in the event that risk levels determined in steps 1 to 3 are considered to be too high, identify current or develop new risk control options that aim to achieve one or more of the following:
       1. reduce the frequency of failures through better design, procedures, training, etc.;
       2. mitigate the effect of failures in order to prevent accidents;
       3. limit the circumstances in which failures may occur; or
       4. mitigate consequences of accidents; and
       5. incorporate risk control options for design, procedures, training and limitations, as applicable.
• 3 - Performance standards
  A system previously accepted based on manufacturer certifications, classification society certifications and/or satisfactory service of existing systems may be acceptable for installation on new and existing ships if no performance or testing standards are accepted by the Organization.

Additional Guidance to Chapter 2 (Polar Water Operation Manual (PWOM)

• 3.1 Recommendation on the content of the Polar Water Operational Manual The Polar Water Operational Manual (PWOM) is intended to address all aspects of operations addressed by chapter 2 of part I-A. When appropriate information, procedures or plans exist elsewhere in a ship's documentation, the PWOM itself does not need to replicate this material, but may instead cross-reference the relevant reference document. A model Table of Contents is found in appendix 2. The model follows the general structure of chapter 2. Not every section outlined below will be applicable to every polar ship. Many category C ships that undertake occasional or limit polar voyages will not need to have procedures for situations with a very low probability of occurrence. However, it may still be advisable to retain a common structure for the PWOM as a reminder that if assumptions change then the contents of the manual may also need to be updated. Noting an aspect as "not applicable" also indicates to the Administration that this aspect has been considered and not merely omitted.
• 3.2 Guidance on navigation with icebreaker assistance With respect to navigation with icebreaker assistance, the following should be considered:
• 1. while approaching the starting point of the ice convoy to follow an icebreaker/icebreakers or in the case of escorting by icebreaker of one ship to the point of meeting with the icebreaker, ships should establish radio communication on the VHF channel 16 and act in compliance with the icebreaker's instructions;
  2. the icebreaker rendering the icebreaker assistance of ship ice convoy should command ships in the ice convoy;
  3. position of a ship in the ice convoy should be determined by the icebreaker rendering the assistance;
  4. ship within the ice convoy, in accordance with the instructions of the icebreaker rendering the assistance, should establish communication with the icebreaker by VHF channel indicated by the icebreaker;
  5. the ship, while navigating in the ice convoy, should ensure compliance with the instructions of the icebreaker;
  6. position in the ice convoy, speed and distance to a ship ahead should be as instructed by the icebreaker;
  7. the ship should immediately notify the icebreaker of any difficulties to maintain the position within the ice convoy, speed and/or distance to any other ship in the ice convoy; and
  8. the ship should immediately report to the icebreaker of any damage.
• 3.3 Guidance on the development of contingency plans In developing the ship's contingency plans ships should consider damage control measures arrangements for emergency transfer of liquids and access to tanks and spaces during salvage operations. See also additional guidance to chapter 9.

Additional Guidance to Chapter 3 (Ship Structure)

1. The guidance presented below is intended to assist in determining equivalency with standards acceptable to the Organization, as referenced in chapters 3 and 6 of the Code. The methodology is consistent with guidance developed by the Organization while allowing for the use of a simplified approach.
2. The basic approach for considering equivalency for categories A and B ships can be the same for both new and existing ships. It involves comparing other ice classes to the IACS Polar Classes. For ice classes under category C, additional information on comparisons of strengthening levels is available for the guidance of owners and Administrations. The responsibility for generating the equivalency request and supporting information required should rest with the owner/operator. Review/approval of any equivalency request should be undertaken by the flag State Administration, or by a recognized organization acting on its behalf under the provisions of the Code for Recognized Organizations (RO Code). Several classification societies have developed easy-to-use tools for determination of compliance with the IACS Polar Class structural requirements, as have some Administrations and other third parties.
3. The scope of a simplified equivalency assessment (referring to paragraphs 6.1 to 6.3 below) is expected to be limited to materials selection, structural strength of the hull and propulsion machinery.
4. If there is not full and direct compliance, then an equivalent level of risk can be accepted in accordance with guidance provided by the Organization. An increase in the probability of an event can be balanced by a reduction in its consequences. Alternatively, a reduction in probability could potentially allow acceptance of more serious consequences. Using a hull area example, a local shortfall in strength level or material grade could be accepted if the internal compartment is a void space, for which local damage will not put the overall safety of the ship at risk or lead to any release of pollutants.
5. For existing ships, service experience can assist in risk assessment. As an example, for an existing ship with a record of polar ice operations a shortfall in the extent of the ice belt (hull areas) may be acceptable if there is no record of damage to the deficient area; i.e. a ship that would generally meet PC 5 requirements but in limited areas is only PC 7 could still be considered as a category A, PC 5 ship. In all such cases, the ship's documentation should make clear the nature and scope of any deficiencies.
6. The process includes the following stages of assessment:
   1. select the target Polar Class for equivalency;
   2.  compare materials used in the design with minimum requirements under the IACS Polar Class URs; identify any shortfalls; and
   3.  compare strength levels of hull and machinery components design with requirements under the IACS Polar Class URs; quantify levels of compliance.
7. Where gaps in compliance are identified in steps 1 to 3, additional steps should be necessary to demonstrate equivalency, as outlined below:
   1. identify any risk mitigation measures incorporated in the design of the ship (over and above the requirements of the Code and IACS URs);
   2. where applicable, provide documentation of service experience of existing ships, in conditions relevant to the target ice class for equivalency; and
   3. undertake an assessment, taking into account information from steps 1 to 5, as applicable, and on the principles outlined in paragraphs 2 to 6 above.
8. Documentation provided with an application for equivalency should identify each stage that has been undertaken, and sufficient supporting information to validate assessments.
9. Where a ship in categories A or B is provided with an equivalency for ice class by its flag State, this should be noted in its Polar Ship Certificate.

Additional Guidance to Chapter 8 (Life-Saving Appliances and Arrangements)

• Suggested equipment
  • Protective clothing (hat, gloves, socks, face and neck protection, etc.)
  • Skin protection cream
  • Thermal protective aid
  • Sunglasses
  • Whistle
  • Drinking mug
  • Penknife
  • Polar survival guidance
  • Emergency food
  • Carrying bag

• Suggested equipment
  • Shelter – tents or storm shelters or equivalent – sufficient for maximum number of persons
  • Thermal protective aids or similar – sufficient for maximum number of persons
  • Sleeping bags – sufficient for at least one between two persons
  • Foam sleeping mats or similar – sufficient for at least one between two persons
  • Shovels – at least 2
  • Sanitation (e.g. toilet paper)
  • Stove and fuel – sufficient for maximum number of persons ashore and maximum anticipated time of rescue
  • Emergency food – sufficient for maximum number of persons ashore and maximum anticipated time of rescue
  • Flashlights – one per shelter
  • Waterproof and windproof matches – two boxes per shelter
  • Whistle
  • Signal mirror
  • Water containers & water purification tablets
  • Spare set of personal survival equipment
  • Group survival equipment container (waterproof and floatable)

Additional Guidance to Chapter 9 (Safety of Navigation)

• 10.1 Radars equipped with enhanced ice detection capability should be promoted used, in particular, in shallow waters. 
• 10.2 As the chart coverage of polar waters in many areas may not currently be adequate for coastal navigation, navigational officers should:
  • .1 exercise care to plan and monitor their voyage accordingly, taking due account of the information and guidance in the appropriate nautical publications;
  • .2 be familiar with the status of hydrographic surveys and the availability and quality of chart information for the areas in which they intend to operate;
  • .3 be aware of potential chart datum discrepancies with GNSS positioning; and
  • .4 aim to plan their route through charted areas and well clear of known shoal depths, following established routes whenever possible.
• 10.3 Any deviations from the planned route should be undertaken with particular caution. For example, and when operating on the continental shelf:
  • .1 the echo-sounder should be working and monitored to detect any sign of unexpected depth variation, especially when the chart is not based on a full search of the sea floor; and
  • .2 independent cross-checking of positioning information (e.g. visual and radar fixing and GNSS) should be undertaken at every opportunity. Mariners should ensure to report to the relevant charting authority (Hydrographic Office) any information that might contribute to improving the nautical charts and publications.
• 10.4 Ships should be fitted with:
  • .1 a suitable means to de-ice sufficient conning position windows to provide unimpaired forward and astern vision from conning positions; and
  • .2 an efficient means of clearing melted ice, freezing rain, snow, mist and spray from outside and accumulated condensation from inside. A mechanical means to clear moisture from the outside face of a window should have operating mechanisms protected from freezing or the accumulation of ice that would impair effective operation.

Additional Guidance to Chapter 10 (Communication)

• 11.1.1 Current maritime digital communication systems were not designed to cover Polar waters.
• 11.1.2 VHF is still largely used for communication at sea, but only over short distances (line of sight) and normally only for voice communication. HF and MF are also used for emergency situations. Digital VHF, mobile phone systems and other types of wireless technology offer enough digital capacity for many maritime applications, but only to ships within sight of shore-based stations, and are, therefore, not generally available in polar waters. AIS could also be used for low data-rate communication, but there are very few base stations, and the satellite-based AIS system is designed for data reception only.
• 11.1.3 The theoretical limit of coverage for GEO systems is 81.3° north or south, but instability and signal dropouts can occur at latitudes as low as 70° north or south under certain conditions. Many factors influence the quality of service offered by GEO systems, and they have different effects depending on the system design.
• 11.1.4 Non-GMDSS systems may be available and may be effective for communication in polar waters.

• .1 preserve battery life;
• .2 enable extended periods of time for the transmission of alerting or locating signals; and
• .3 avoid potential interference.

Additional Guidance to Chapter 11 (Voyage Planning)

• .1 in the event that marine mammals are encountered, any existing best practices should be considered to minimize unnecessary disturbance; and
• .2 planning to minimize the impact of the ship's voyage where ships are trafficking near areas of cultural heritage and cultural significance.

CHAPTER 10 - COMMUNICATION: Full Polar Code text

• 10.2.1.1 Two-way voice and/or data communications ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore shall be available at all points along the intended operating routes.
• 10.2.1.2 Suitable means of communications shall be provided where escort and convoy operations are expected.
• 10.2.1.3 Means for two-way on-scene and SAR coordination communications for search and rescue purposes including aeronautical frequencies shall be provided.
• 10.2.1.4 Appropriate communication equipment to enable telemedical assistance in polar areas shall be provided.

• 10.2.2.1 For ships intended to operate in low air temperature, all rescue boats and lifeboats, whenever released for evacuation, shall maintain capability for distress alerting, locating and on-scene communications.
• 10.2.2.2 For ships intended to operate in low air temperature, all other survival craft, whenever released, shall maintain capability for transmitting signals for location and for communication.
• 10.2.2.3 Mandatory communication equipment for use in survival craft, including liferafts, and rescue boats shall be capable of operation during the maximum expected time of rescue.

• 10.3.1.1 In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 10.2.1.1 above, communication equipment on board shall have the capabilities for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication, taking into account the limitations of communications systems in high latitudes and the anticipated low temperature.
• 10.3.1.2 In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 10.2.1.2 above, ships intended to provide icebreaking escort shall be equipped with a sound signaling system mounted to face astern to indicate escort and emergency manoeuvres to following ships as described in the International Code of Signals.
• 10.3.1.3 In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 10.2.1.3 above, two-way on-scene and SAR coordination communication capability in ships shall include:
  • .1 voice and/or data communications with relevant rescue coordination centres; and
  • .2 equipment for voice communications with aircraft on 121.5 and 123.1 MHz.
• 10.3.1.4 In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 10.2.1.4 above, the communication equipment shall provide for two-way voice and data communication with a Telemedical Assistance Service (TMAS).

• 10.3.2.1 For ships intended to operate in low air temperature, in order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 10.2.2.1 above, all rescue boats and lifeboats, whenever released for evacuation, shall:
  • .1 for distress alerting, carry one device for transmitting ship to shore alerts;
  • .2 in order to be located, carry one device for transmitting signals for location; and
  • .3 for on-scene communications, carry one device for transmitting and receiving on-scene communications.
• 10.3.2.2 For ships intended to operate in low air temperature, in order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 10.2.2.2 above, all other survival craft shall:
  • .1 in order to be located, carry one device for transmitting signals for location; and
  • .2 for on-scene communications, carry one device for transmitting and receiving on-scene communications.
• 10.3.2.3 In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 10.2.2.3 above, recognizing the limitations arising from battery life, procedures shall be developed and implemented such that mandatory communication equipment for use in survival craft, including liferafts, and rescue boats are available for operation during the maximum expected time of rescue.